Environmental Health Monitoring
Publications

The efficacy of environmental health monitoring is strongly supported by published, peer-reviewed scientific literature. This is made clear in the 2024 Systematic Review of Environmental Health Monitoring published the 3RsC initiative. This publication summarizes the findings from 42 different publications and concludes that all types of EHM are superior to soiled bedding sentinels at detective pathogens – regardless of pathogen taxonomic classification. 

This article includes several helpful resources for the implementation of EHM:

  • Common terminology table
  • Figures & tables demonstrating the superiority of EHM vs SBS including an analysis that showed SBS failed to detect pathogens in nearly 30% of cases
  • Supplemental tables that show results per article and per pathogen

We recommend starting your reading about EHM with this summary article that is linked below:

LaFollette ML, Clement CS, Luchins KR, Manuel CA, Foley PL, Hanson WH, Pettan-Brewer C, Winn CB, Garner JP. Do we still need a canary in the coal mine for laboratory animal facilities? A systematic review of environmental health monitoring versus soiled bedding sentinels. Plos One. 2024.in 

Individual Publications Evaluating EHM

Below we list all the individual publications that evaluate environmental health monitoring. Each publication includes a note of the specific pathogens evaluated and sampling types evaluated so you can easily search publications for those that are of most interestto you.

Acronyms

  • SBS = Soiled Bedding Sentinels
  • EDT = Exhaust Dust Testing
  • SFSB = Sentinel Free Soiled Bedding
  • DCS = Direct Colony Sampling
  • REM = Research Equipment Monitoring
  1. Bauer BA, Besch-Williford C, Livingston RS, Crim MJ, Riley LK, Myles MH. Influence of Rack Design and Disease Prevalence on Detection of Rodent Pathogens in Exhaust Debris Samples from Individually Ventilated Caging Systems. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2016;55(6):782-8. Pathogens recorded:
      Ectoparasites (Myocoptes musculinus and Radfordia affinis), Entamoeba spp., Helicobacter spp., Murine Hepatitis Virus, Murine Norovirus, Murine Parvoviruses, Pinworms (Aspiculuris tetraptera, Syphacia obvelata), Rodentibacter spp., Tritichomonas spp.

    Sampling types:

      EDT, DCS
  2. Buchheister S, Roegener F, Zschemisch NH, Talbot SR, Christensen H, Bleich A. One for two: A novel and highly sensitive virulence factor-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay for the simultaneous detection of Rodentibacter pneumotropicus and Rodentibacter heylii in environmental sample material. Laboratory animals. 2020 Jun;54(3):239-50. Pathogens recorded:
      Rodentibacter spp.

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT
  3. Butt J, Schmitz M, Berkus B, Schmidt K, Höfler D. Validation of Multiplex PCR and Serology Detecting Helicobacter Species in Mice. Microorganisms. 2023;11(2). DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020249.Pathogen recorded:
      Helicobacter spp.

    Sampling type:

      DCS
  4. Chou C-L, Cheng Y-C, Wang M-H, Wan C-H. NOVEL PCR ASSAYS FOR THREE FUR MITES IN NATURALLY INFECTED MICE WITHOUT ANIMAL SACRIFICE. Taiwan Veterinary Journal. 2020;46(04):133-42. DOI:10.1142/S1682648520500122.Pathogens recorded:
      Ectoparasites (Fur mites)

    Sampling type:

      DCS
  5. Clancy BM, Theriault BR, Schoenberger JM, Bowers CJ, Mitchell CM, Langan GP, et al. Identification and Control of an Ornithonyssus Bacoti Infestation in a Rodent Vivarium by Using Molecular Diagnostic Techniques. Comp Med. 2022;72(2):113-21 DOI 10.30802/AALAS-CM-21-000105.Pathogen recorded:
      Ectoparasite (Ornithonyssus bacoti)

    Sampling types:

      EDT, DCS
  6. Compton SR, Homberger FR, Paturzo FX, Clark JM. Efficacy of three microbiological monitoring methods in a ventilated cage rack. Comp Med. 2004;54(4):382-92.Pathogens recorded:
      Helicobacter spp., Murine hepatitis virus (MHV), Murine parvoviruses (MPV), murine rotavirus, Sendai virus (SV),

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT
  7. Compton SR, Macy JD. Effect of Cage-Wash Temperature on the Removal of Infectious Agents from Caging and the Detection of Infectious Agents on the Filters of Animal Bedding-Disposal Cabinets by PCR Analysis. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2015;54(6):745-55.Pathogens recorded:
      Murine Hepatitis Virus, Mouse parvovirus (MPV)

    Sampling type:

      REM
  8. Compton SR, Booth CJ, Macy JD. Murine Astrovirus Infection and Transmission in Neonatal CD1 Mice. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2017;56(4):402-11.Pathogen recorded:
      Murine astrovirus

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT, DCS
  9. Dubelko AR, Zuwannin M, McIntee SC, Livingston RS, Foley PL. PCR Testing of Filter Material from IVC Lids for Microbial Monitoring of Mouse Colonies. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2018;57(5):477-82.Pathogens recorded:
      Entamoeba spp., Helicobacter spp., Murine Norovirus, Rodentibacter spp., Spironucleus

    Sampling types:

      SBS, SFSB, DCS
  10. Eichner M, Smith JM. Assessing Methods for Replacement of Soiled Bedding Sentinels in Cage-level Exhaust IVC Racks. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2023;62(5):409-15. DOI:10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-23-000030.Pathogens recorded:
      Entamoeba, Helicobacter spp., Murine Norovirus, Rodentibacter spp., Spironucleus spp.

    Sampling types:

      SBS, SFSB
  11. Gerwin PM, Ricart Arbona RJ, Riedel ER, Henderson KS, Lipman NS. PCR Testing of IVC Filter Tops as a Method for Detecting Murine Pinworms and Fur Mites. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2017;56(6):752-61.Pathogens recorded:
      Ectoparasites (Myocoptes musculinus, Myobia musculi, Radfordia affinis) and Pinworms (Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera)

    Sampling types:

      SBS, SFSB
  12. Hanson WH, Taylor K, Taylor DK. PCR Testing of Media Placed in Soiled Bedding as a Method for Mouse Colony Health Surveillance. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2021;60(3):306-10.Pathogens recorded:
      Ectoparasites (Radfordia fur mites), Helicobacter spp., murine norovirus (MNV)

    Sampling types:

      SBS, SFSB
  13. Iwantschenko A-K, Roegener F, Garrels W, Dorsch M, Köhl W, Riehle C, et al. Why serology just is not enough: Strategic parvovirus risk assessment using a novel qPCR assay. Laboratory Animals. 2022;56(4):380-95.Pathogens recorded:
      Mouse parvoviruses (MPV)

    Sampling types:

      EDT, SFSB, DCS
  14. Jacobsen K, Mahabir E, Brielmeier M, Wilhelm P, Seidel KE, Schmidt J. Monitoring a mouse colony for Helicobacter bilis using a Helicobacter-genus-specific nested PCR. Laboratory Animals. 2005;39(4):400-12.Pathogen recorded:
      Helicobacter spp.

    Sampling type:

      DCS
  15. Jensen ES, Allen KP, Henderson KS, Szabo A, Thulin JD. PCR testing of a ventilated caging system to detect murine fur mites. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2013;52(1):28-33.Pathogens recorded:
      Ectoparasites (Radfordia affinis and Myobia musculi (fur mites))

    Sampling types:

      EDT, DCS
  16. Kapoor P, Hayes YO, Jarrell LT, Bellinger DA, Thomas RD, Lawson GW, et al. Evaluation of Anthelmintic Resistance and Exhaust Air Dust PCR as a Diagnostic Tool in Mice Enzootically Infected with Aspiculuris tetraptera. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2017;56(3):273-89.Pathogens recorded:
      Pinworms (Syphacia obvelata and Aspiculuris tetraptera)

    Sampling types:

      EDT, DCS
  17. Kim H, Jeon CM, Jang YC, Goo JS, Park JH. Evaluation of exhaust air dust polymerase chain reaction as a supplement method for soiled bedding sentinel monitoring in specific pathogen free mouse facility using two different individually ventilated cage racks. Lab Anim. 2023;57(1):40-9.Pathogens recorded:
      Ectoparasites (fur mite), Intestinal protozoa (Entamoeba, Chilomastix, Spironucleus, Trichomonas), Helicobactor spp., Murine hepatitis virus (MHV), Murine norovirus (MNV), Mouse parvovirus (MPV), Murine Rotavirus (EDIM), Pinworm (Syphacia, Aspiculuris), Pneumonia virus of mice (PVM), Rodentibacter pneumotropicus, Streptococcus aureus, Staphylococcus aureus,

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT, DCS
  18. Körner C, Miller M, Brielmeier M. Detection of Murine Astrovirus and Myocoptes musculinus in individually ventilated caging systems: Investigations to expose suitable detection methods for routine hygienic monitoring. PLoS One. 2019;14(8):e0221118.Pathogens recorded:
      Murine astrovirus, Ectoparasite (Myocoptes musculinus)

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT
  19. Leblanc M, Berry K, Graciano S, Becker B, Reuter JD. False-positive results after environmental pinworm PCR testing due to rhabditid nematodes in corncob bedding. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2014 Nov 1;53(6):717-24.Pathogen recorded:
      Pinworms (Aspiculuris tetraptera)

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT, DCS
  20. Luchins KR, Mailhiot D, Theriault BR, Langan GP. Detection of Lactate Dehydrogenase Elevating Virus in a Mouse Vivarium Using an Exhaust Air Dust Health Monitoring Program. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020;59(3):328-33.Pathogen recorded:
      Lactate dehydrogenase elevating virus (LDV)

    Sampling type:

      EDT
  21. Luchins KR, Bowers CJ, Mailhiot D, Theriault BR, Langan GP. Cost Comparison of Rodent Soiled Bedding Sentinel and Exhaust Air Dust Health-Monitoring Programs. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020;59(5):508-11.Pathogen recorded:
      N/A

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT
  22. Lupini L, Bassi C, Guerriero P, Raspa M, Scavizzi F, Sabbioni S. Microbiota and environmental health monitoring of mouse colonies by metagenomic shotgun sequencing. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology. 2023 Jan;39(1):37.Pathogens recorded:
      Helicobacter typhlonius, Tritrichomonas muris, Helicobacter hepaticus, Chlamydia muridarum, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Myocoptes musculinus, Citrobacter rodentium, Aspiculuris tetraptera, Spironucleus muris, Entamoeba muris, and Syphacia obvelata

    Sampling types:

      EDT, DCS
  23. Mahabir E, Durand S, Henderson KS, Hardy P. Comparison of two prevalent individually ventilated caging systems for detection of murine infectious agents via exhaust air particles. Laboratory animals. 2019 Feb;53(1):84-8.Pathogens recorded:
      Entamoeba, Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter typhlonius, Helicobacter ganmani, and Pasteurella pneumotropica

    Sampling types:

      EDT, DCS
  24. Mailhiot D, Ostdiek AM, Luchins KR, Bowers CJ, Theriault BR, Langan GP. Comparing Mouse Health Monitoring Between Soiled-bedding Sentinel and Exhaust Air Dust Surveillance Programs. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020;59(1):58-66.Pathogens recorded:
      Helicobacter spp., Rodentibacter spp., and murine norovirus (MNV)

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT
  25. Manuel CA, Pugazhenthi U, Leszczynski JK. Surveillance of a Ventilated Rack System for Corynebacterium bovis by sampling Exhaust-Air Manifolds. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2016;55(1):58-65.Pathogen recorded:
      C. bovis

    Sampling type:

      EDT
  26. Manuel CA, Pugazhenthi U, Spiegel SP, Leszczynski JK. Detection and Elimination of Corynebacterium bovis from Barrier Rooms by Using an Environmental b. sampling Surveillance Program. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2017;56(2):202-9.Pathogen recorded:
      C. bovis

    Sampling types:

      EDT
  27. Miller M, Ritter B, Zorn J, Brielmeier M. Exhaust Air Particle PCR Detects Helicobacter hepaticus Infections at Low Prevalence. Journal of Veterinary Science and Technology. 2016;7.Pathogen recorded:
      H. hepaticus

    Sampling type:

      EDT
  28. Miller M, Ritter B, Zorn J, Brielmeier M. Exhaust Air Dust Monitoring is Superior to Soiled Bedding Sentinels for the Detection of Pasteurella pneumotropica in Individually Ventilated Cage Systems. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2016;55(6):775-81.Pathogen recorded:
      Pasteurella pneumotropica

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT
  29. Miller M, Brielmeier M. Environmental samples make soiled bedding sentinels dispensable for hygienic monitoring of IVC-reared mouse colonies. Lab Anim. 2018;52(3):233-9.Pathogens recorded:
      Murine norovirus (MNV), Helicobacter, P. pneumotropica, Klebsiella oxytoca, other Pasteurellaceae

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT
  30. Niimi K, Maruyama S, Sako N, Miyata K, Yoshimoto T, Bilecki B, Henderson K, Takahashi E. The SentinelTM EADR program can detect more microorganisms than bedding sentinel animals. Japanese Journal of Veterinary Research. 2018 May;66(2):125-9.Pathogens recorded:
      Corynebacterium kutscheri, Mycoplasma pulmonis, Mycoplasma, Salmonella spp., Citrobacter rodentium, Pasteurella pneumotropica (Heyl), Pasteurella pneumotropica (Jawetz), Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium piliforme, CAR bacillus, Helicobacter hepaticus, Syphacia obvelata, Aspiculuris tetraptera, Giardia spp., Entamoeba spp., Tritrichomonas spp., Spironucleus muris, Myocoptes musculinus (fur mites), Myobia musculi (fur mites), Radfordia affinis (fur mites), Pneumocystis spp.

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT, DCS
  31. O’Connell KA, Tigyi GJ, Livingston RS, Johnson DL, Hamilton DJ. Evaluation of In-cage Filter Paper as a Replacement for Sentinel Mice in the Detection of Murine Pathogens. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2021;60(2):160-7.Pathogens recorded:
      MHV, MNV, MPV, MVM, TMEV, obvelata, and A. tetraptera

    Sampling types:

      SBS, SFSB
  32. Parkinson CM, O’Brien A, Albers TM, Simon MA, Clifford CB, Pritchett-Corning KR. Diagnosis of ecto-and endoparasites in laboratory rats and mice. JoVE (Journal of Visualized Experiments). 2011 Sep 6(55):e2767.Pathogens recorded:
      Protozoa, pinworm, tapeworm, other roundworms, lice, mites, fleas, ticks

    Sampling types:

      DCS, REM
  33. Pettan-Brewer C, Trost RJ, Maggio-Price L, Seamons A, Dowling SC. Adoption of Exhaust Air Dust Testing in SPF Rodent Facilities. J Am Assoc Lab Anim Sci. 2020;59(2):156-62.Pathogens recorded:
      Murine norovirus (MNV), Helicobacter spp, Radfordia affinis

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT
  34. Ragland NH, Miedel EL, Engelman RW. PCR prevalence of murine opportunistic microbes and their mitigation by using vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2019 Mar 1;58(2):208-15.Pathogens recorded:
      Staphylococcus xylosus, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Pasteurella pneumotropica biotype Heyl, Pasteurella pneumotropica biotype Jawetz, Corynebacterium kutscheri; B-hemolytic Streptococcus groups A, B, C, and G; Pneumocystis murina; and Citrobacter rodentium.

    Sampling types:

      EDT, DCS
  35. Scavizzi F, Bassi C, Lupini L, Guerriero P, Raspa M, Sabbioni S. A comprehensive approach for microbiota and health monitoring in mouse colonies using metagenomic shotgun sequencing. Animal Microbiome. 2021 Dec;3:1-20.Pathogens recorded:
      Helicobacter hepaticus, Helicobacter typhlonius, Entamoeba muris, Tritrichomonas muris, Murine Norovirus (MNV), Chlamydia muridarum, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Pasteurella pneumotropica, Citrobacter rodentium, Myocoptes musculinus, Spironucleus muris, Aspiculuris tetraptera, and Syphacia obvelata

    Sampling types:

      SBS, DCS
  36. Schlapp G, Fernández-Graña G, Arévalo AP, Crispo M. Establishment of an environmental microbiological monitoring program in a mice barrier facility. An Acad Bras Cienc. 2018;90(3):3155-64.Pathogen recorded:
      Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV)

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT
  37. Srinivasan MR, Vijay K, Karuppannan AK, Ramesh S, Reddy YK. Non-Invasive Fecal Based PCR Assays for Detection of Mouse Parvo Virus and Minute Virus of Mice in Laboratory Mice. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2021(11):1356-9.Pathogens recorded:
      Mouse Parvovirus (MPV) and Minute Virus of Mice (MVM)

    Sampling types:

      DCS
  38. Srinivasan MR, Vijay K, Karuppannan AK, Ramesh S, Reddy YK. RT-PCR Assay for Detection of Enterotropic Strains of Mouse Hepatitis Virus in Faecal Samples. Indian Journal of Animal Research. 2022(5):633-6.Pathogen recorded:
      Mouse Hepatitis Virus (MHV)

    Sampling types:

      DCS
  39. Tierce RK, Winn AA, Albers TM, Poueymirou WT, Levee EM, Woods SE, Reddyjarugu B. Detection and transmission of Proteus mirabilis in immunodeficient mice. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2022 May 1;61(3):256-69.Pathogen recorded:
      Proteus mirabilis

    Sampling types:

      SBS, DCS
  40. Varela MM, Bibay JI, Ogden BE, Crim MJ, Htoon HM. Using sterile flocked swabs as an alternative method for rodent health monitoring. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2022 Jul 1;61(4):370-80.Pathogens recorded:
      Mouse norovirus (MNV), Mouse parvovirus (MPV), Helicobacter spp., Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus xylosus, Rodentibacter pneumotropicus, R. Heylii, Entamoeba muris, Spironucleus muris, Tritrichomonas muris, and Radfordia/Myobia

    Sampling types:

      SBS, EDT, SFSB, DCS
  41. Winn CB, Rogers RN, Keenan RA, Gerwin PM, Matthews KA, Ramirez JA, Bennett TE, Perkins CL, Henderson KS. Using filter media and soiled bedding in disposable individually ventilated cages as a refinement to specific pathogen-free mouse health monitoring programs. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 2022 Jul 1;61(4):361-9.Pathogens recorded:
      Helicobacter spp., Astrovirus-1, S. aureus, LCMV, LDV, MAV 1 and 2, MHV, Mouse norovirus (MNV), Mousepox (Ectromelia) virus, mouse parvovirus (MPV/MVM), MRV (EDIM), MuCPV, PVM, REO, SEND, TMEV/GDVII, Beta-hemolytic Streptococcus (Groups A, B, C, and G), B. bronchiseptica, B. pseudohinzii, Campylobacter spp., C. bovis, Filobacterium rodentium, C. kutscheri, C.piliforme, K. oxytoca, K. pneumoniae, Helicobacter spp., M. pulmonis, R. heylii, R. pneumotropicus, Ps. aeruginosa, Salmonella spp., S. aureus, S. moniliformis, S. pneumoniae, Cryptosporidium, Demodex, Entamoeba, Giardia, Mites, Pinworms, Pneumocystis spp., P. mirabilis, Spironucleus muris, Tritrichomonas spp., Staphylococcus xylosus

    Sampling types:

      SBS, SFSB, DCS
  42. Zorn J, Ritter B, Miller M, Kraus M, Northrup E, Brielmeier M. Murine norovirus detection in the exhaust air of IVCs is more sensitive than serological analysis of soiled bedding sentinels. Laboratory animals. 2017 Jun;51(3):301-10.Pathogen recorded:
      Murine norovirus(MNV)

    Sampling types:

      EDT, SBS

List of Additional Publications

The below publications are relevant to rodent health monitoring programs as they evaluate the efficacy of soiled bedding sentinel programs.

  1. Besselsen, D. G., Wagner, A. M., & Loganbill, J. K. (2000). Effect of mouse strain and age on detection of mouse parvovirus 1 by use of serologic testing and polymerase chain reaction analysis. Comparative medicine, 50(5), 498-502.
  2. Brielmeier, M., Mahabir, E., Needham, J. R., Lengger, C., Wilhelm, P., & Schmidt, J. (2006). Microbiological monitoring of laboratory mice and biocontainment in individually ventilated cages: a field study. Laboratory animals, 40(3), 247-260.
  3. de Bruin, W. C. C., van de Ven, E. M. E., & Hooijmans, C. R. (2016). Efficacy of soiled bedding transfer for transmission of mouse and rat infections to sentinels: a systematic review. PloS one, 11(8), e0158410.
  4. Dole, V. S., Zaias, J., Kyricopoulos-Cleasby, D. M., Banu, L. A., Waterman, L. L., Sanders, K., & Henderson, K. S. (2011). Comparison of traditional and PCR methods during screening for and confirmation of Aspiculuris tetraptera in a mouse facility. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 50(6), 904-909.
  5. Ike, F., Bourgade, F., Ohsawa, K., Sato, H., Morikawa, S., Saijo, M., … & Berard, M. (2007). Lymphocytic choriomeningitis infection undetected by dirty-bedding sentinel monitoring and revealed after embryo transfer of an inbred strain derived from wild mice. Comparative medicine, 57(3), 272-281.
  6. Leblanc, M., Berry, K., Graciano, S., Becker, B., & Reuter, J. D. (2014). False-positive results after environmental pinworm PCR testing due to rhabditid nematodes in corncob bedding. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 53(6), 717-724.
  7. Lindstrom, K. E., Carbone, L. G., Kellar, D. E., Mayorga, M. S., & Wilkerson, J. D. (2011). Soiled bedding sentinels for the detection of fur mites in mice. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 50(1), 54-60.
  8. Luchins, K. R., Gates, K. V., Winn, C. B., Manuel, C. A., Pettan-Brewer, C., Foley, P. L., Peterson, N. C., Garner, J. P., Hanson, W., & LaFollette, M. R. (2022). A Cross-sectional Survey on Rodent Environmental Health Monitoring Practices: Benchmarking, Associations, and Barriers. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 62(1), 64-73.
  9. Lupini, L., Bassi, C., Guerriero, P., Raspa, M., Scavizzi, F., & Sabbioni, S. (2023). Microbiota and environmental health monitoring of mouse colonies by metagenomic shotgun sequencing. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 39(1), 37.
  10. Mahabir, E., Durand, S., Henderson, K. S., & Hardy, P. (2019). Comparison of two prevalent individually ventilated caging systems for detection of murine infectious agents via exhaust air particles. Laboratory animals, 53(1), 84-88.
  11. Mailhiot, D., Ostdiek, A. M., Luchins, K. R., Bowers, C. J., Theriault, B. R., & Langan, G. P. (2020). Comparing mouse health monitoring between soiled-bedding sentinel and exhaust air dust surveillance programs. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 59(1), 58-66.
  12. Manuel, C. A., Pugazhenthi, U., & Leszczynski, J. K. (2016). Surveillance of a ventilated rack system for Corynebacterium bovis by sampling exhaust-air manifolds. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 55(1), 58-65.
  13. Manuel, C. A., Pugazhenthi, U., Spiegel, S. P., & Leszczynski, J. K. (2017). Detection and elimination of Corynebacterium bovis from barrier rooms by using an environmental sampling surveillance program. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 56(2), 202-209.
  14. Miller, M., Ritter, B., Zorn, J., & Brielmeier, M. (2016). Exhaust air dust monitoring is superior to soiled bedding sentinels for the detection of Pasteurella pneumotropica in individually ventilated cage systems. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 55(6), 775-781.
  15. Miller, M., Ritter, B., Zorn, J., & Brielmeier, M. (2016). Exhaust air particle PCR detects Helicobacter hepaticus infections at low prevalence. J Vet Sci Technol, 7(343), 2.
  16. Miller, M., & Brielmeier, M. (2018). Environmental samples make soiled bedding sentinels dispensable for hygienic monitoring of IVC-reared mouse colonies. Laboratory animals, 52(3), 233-239.
  17. O’Connell, K. A., Tigyi, G. J., Livingston, R. S., Johnson, D. L., & Hamilton, D. J. (2021). Evaluation of In-cage Filter Paper as a Replacement for Sentinel Mice in the Detection of Murine Pathogens. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science. 60(2):160-167
  18. Pettan-Brewer, C., Trost, R. J., Maggio-Price, L., Seamons, A., & Dowling, S. C. (2020). Adoption of Exhaust Air Dust Testing in SPF Rodent Facilities. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 59(2), 156-162.
  19. Perdue, K. A., Copeland, M. K., Karjala, Z., Cheng, L. I., Ward, J. M., & Elkins, W. R. (2008). Suboptimal ability of dirty-bedding sentinels to detect Spironucleus muris in a colony of mice with genetic manipulations of the adaptive immune system. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 47(5), 10-17.
  20. Ragland, N. H., Miedel, E. L., & Engelman, R. W. (2019). PCR prevalence of murine opportunistic microbes and their mitigation by using vaporized hydrogen peroxide. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 58(2), 208-215.
  21. Tierce, R. K., Winn, A. A., Albers, T. M., Poueymirou, W. T., Levee, E. M., Woods, S. E., & Reddyjarugu, B. (2022). Detection and Transmission of Proteus mirabilis in Immunodeficient Mice. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 61(3), 256–269. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-21-000104
  22. Varela, M., Bibay, J., Ogden, B. E., Crim, M. J., & Htoon, H. M. (2022). Using Sterile Flocked Swabs as an Alternative Method for Rodent Health Monitoring. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS, 61(4), 370–380. https://doi.org/10.30802/AALAS-JAALAS-22-000024
  23. Winn, C. B., Rogers, R. N., Keenan, R. A., Gerwin, P. M., Matthews, K. A., Ramirez, J. A., … & Henderson, K. S. (2022). Using Filter Media and Soiled Bedding in Disposable Individually Ventilated Cages as a Refinement to Specific Pathogen-free Mouse Health Monitoring Programs. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 61(4), 361-369.
  24. Yu, E. N., Darbyshire, A. K., & Himmel, L. E. (2022). Confirmation of Pathogen ‘Burnout’ in Mouse Colonies with Previous Evidence of Infection with Parvovirus and Rotavirus. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 61(5), 424-431.
  25. Zorn, J., Ritter, B., Miller, M., Kraus, M., Northrup, E., & Brielmeier, M. (2017). Murine norovirus detection in the exhaust air of IVCs is more sensitive than serological analysis of soiled bedding sentinels. Laboratory animals, 51(3), 301-310.

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